The Woodruff School

SUMMARY

Divertors are in-vessel, plasma-facing, components in magnetic-confinement fusion reactors. Their main function is to remove the fusion reaction ash (α-particles), unburned fuel, and eroded particles from the reactor, which adversely affect the quality of the plasma. A significant fraction (~15 %) of the total fusion thermal power is removed by the divertor coolant and must, therefore, be recovered at elevated temperature in order to enhance the overall thermal efficiency. Helium is the leading coolant because of its high thermal conductivity, material compatibility, and suitability as a working fluid for power conversion systems using a closed high temperature Brayton cycle. Peak surface heat fluxes on the order of 10 MW/m2 are anticipated with surface temperatures in the region of 1,200 �C to 1,500 �C. Recently, several helium-cooled divertor designs have been proposed, including a modular T-tube design and a modular �finger� configuration with jet impingement cooling from perforated end caps. Design calculations performed using the FLUENT� CFD software package have shown that these designs can accommodate a peak heat load of 10 MW/m2. Extremely high heat transfer coefficients (~50,000 W/(m^2�K)) were predicted by these calculations. Since these values of heat transfer coefficient are considered to be �outside of the experience base� for gas-cooled systems, an experimental investigation has been undertaken to validate the results of the numerical simulations. Attention has been focused on the thermal performance of the T-tube and the �finger� divertor designs. Experimental and numerical investigations have been performed to support both divertor geometries. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the experimental data and model predictions, thereby confirming the predicted performance of the leading helium-cooled divertor designs for near- and long-term magnetic fusion reactor designs. The results of this investigation provide confidence in the ability of state-of-the-art CFD codes to model gas-cooled high heat flux plasma-facing components such as divertors.

SUBJECT:	Ph.D. Dissertation Defense

BY:	Lorenzo Crosatti

TIME:	Thursday, June 12, 2008, 2:00 p.m.

PLACE:	Love Building, 210

TITLE:	Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Performance of Gas-Cooled Divertor Modules

COMMITTEE:	Dr. Minami Yoda, Co-Chair (ME) Dr. Said Abdel-Khalik, Co-Chair (ME) Dr. Yogendra Joshi (ME) Dr. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan (ME) Dr. Donald R. Webster (CEE) Dr. Narayanan Komerath (AE)

SUMMARY Divertors are in-vessel, plasma-facing, components in magnetic-confinement fusion reactors. Their main function is to remove the fusion reaction ash (α-particles), unburned fuel, and eroded particles from the reactor, which adversely affect the quality of the plasma. A significant fraction (~15 %) of the total fusion thermal power is removed by the divertor coolant and must, therefore, be recovered at elevated temperature in order to enhance the overall thermal efficiency. Helium is the leading coolant because of its high thermal conductivity, material compatibility, and suitability as a working fluid for power conversion systems using a closed high temperature Brayton cycle. Peak surface heat fluxes on the order of 10 MW/m2 are anticipated with surface temperatures in the region of 1,200 �C to 1,500 �C. Recently, several helium-cooled divertor designs have been proposed, including a modular T-tube design and a modular �finger� configuration with jet impingement cooling from perforated end caps. Design calculations performed using the FLUENT� CFD software package have shown that these designs can accommodate a peak heat load of 10 MW/m2. Extremely high heat transfer coefficients (~50,000 W/(m^2�K)) were predicted by these calculations. Since these values of heat transfer coefficient are considered to be �outside of the experience base� for gas-cooled systems, an experimental investigation has been undertaken to validate the results of the numerical simulations. Attention has been focused on the thermal performance of the T-tube and the �finger� divertor designs. Experimental and numerical investigations have been performed to support both divertor geometries. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the experimental data and model predictions, thereby confirming the predicted performance of the leading helium-cooled divertor designs for near- and long-term magnetic fusion reactor designs. The results of this investigation provide confidence in the ability of state-of-the-art CFD codes to model gas-cooled high heat flux plasma-facing components such as divertors.